While many concepts within literary theory point towards a specific, objective idea, literary canons are more subjective. Rather than representing a single truth, literary canons are collections of works considered to be of significant cultural, historical, and educational value. Depending on the lens through which we view literature, canons can be related to modern movements (like postcolonial studies, feminist criticism, and multiculturalism) or tied to different societies, institutions, and critics who value different works.

Your favourite literary canon says a lot about you! In fact, the literary canon of your choice defines your analytical stance and the goals that drive you towards the study of literature.

However, while most traditional canons today are dominated by European, white, male authors (like Shakespeare, Homer, Dante, and Milton), newer approaches encourage us to seek canons that truly align with the unique impact we hope to have through our literary analyses.

Seen from a broader perspective, literary canons can almost be understood as defining a society’s heritage. They are not simply collections of important works; rather, they are curated selections from an era, often chosen to be taught at schools and universities.

Given this cultural weight, there is growing emphasis on using literary canons as a medium for both challenging dominant Western narratives and protecting cultural heritage. In light of this, it becomes especially important to define a literary canon in India.

In India, where the education system is vast and diverse, the development and existence of a national literary canon is both a tricky and, simultaneously, fascinating process. To better understand this, in this post, we explore the concept of a literary canon, how it is shaped, and the need for building a canon in India’s higher education system.

Defining the Literary Canon

Simply put, a literary canon is a set of texts that are considered foundational to a literary tradition. The canon is not a static collection; it evolves over time, with some texts remaining central while others are reevaluated. The key criteria for inclusion in the canon are:

• Influence: Works that have had a lasting impact on literature and other writers.
• Quality: Texts that showcase exceptional writing, character development, plot intricacy, and thematic depth.
• Representation: Texts that offer insight into the historical context in which they were written, providing a snapshot of a particular time and place.

Key Literary Canon Types

	Description	Examples
Novels	Long fictional narratives that explore human experience in depth and complexity.	Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen), Great Expectations (Charles Dickens)
Poetry	Uses powerful, imaginative language to convey emotion and abstract ideas.	William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman
Plays	Theatrical works exploring the human condition through dialogue and performance.	William Shakespeare, Henrik Ibsen, Arthur Miller
Short Stories	Brief fictional narratives known for their precision and impact.	Anton Chekhov, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway
Essays	Reflective nonfiction texts discussing literature, philosophy, society, and culture.	Michel de Montaigne, Virginia Woolf, Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosophical Works	Foundational texts exploring existence, ethics, and knowledge.	Plato, Aristotle, Immanuel Kant
Core Texts	Foundational literary works considered essential for understanding traditions; they influence future generations of writers and readers.	William Shakespeare—which reminds us! Check out PHI Learning’s annotated series of Shakespeare’s works, complete with critical essays, chapter summaries, and footnotes. Browse here: https://tinyurl.com/b64zsany
Canonical Authors	Writers revered for their influence, craft, and contribution to literary history.	Shakespeare, Dickens, Tolstoy
Historical & Cultural Context	Canonical works reflect the moral, political, and intellectual climate of their time, often shaping or challenging social norms.	Victorian literature, for example, explores class and gender roles.
Critical & Academic Reception	Scholarly and cultural reassessment plays a major role in canon formation and evolution.	New criticism, feminist readings, and postcolonial theory influence canon inclusion.

Building an Indian Literary Canon

In India, the idea of a national literary canon is uniquely complex due to the country’s immense linguistic, cultural, and religious diversity. With each state offering its own language and literary heritage, India stands as a mosaic of storytelling traditions. This very diversity, often seen as a challenge, might in fact be the solution to the narrowing scope of global literary canons. 

In a world increasingly recognising the importance of inclusivity, India’s multilingual, multicultural literary canon (it exists but is yet to be popularised!) offers an opportunity for a canon that embraces difference rather than homogeneity. By celebrating the country’s vast spectrum of voices, India has the potential to not only define its own literary identity but also reshape what a literary canon can be.

To build such a canon, India must consciously leverage its diversity and reform its literary curriculum to be more inclusive and representative. This includes:

• Incorporating regional and linguistic variety: Ensure literature from across India—Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, Urdu, Marathi, and more—is given equal weight in academic syllabi.
• Highlighting marginalised voices: Include works by women, Dalit authors, tribal storytellers, and writers from underrepresented communities.
• Balancing the classical with the contemporary: Celebrate ancient epics alongside modern Indian literature to reflect evolving cultural narratives.
• Fostering critical and empathetic thinking: Choose texts that engage with themes of identity, justice, equality, and humanism to encourage reflection and dialogue.
• Reforming national education boards: University curricula like the NEP-2020 should diversify their reading lists to reflect India’s literary richness, rather than relying on a narrow set of texts.

By embracing these steps, India can create a literary canon that not only honors its pluralistic heritage but also offers future generations a more inclusive, humane, and globally resonant literary education.

Explore PHI Learning’s books on English Literature. Visit:

https://www.phindia.com/Books/ShowBooks/MTE5/Literature-Linguistics-Phonetics-and-Grammar

 

Are you new to the timelessly relevant world of literary theory? If so, you might be making the newbie mistake of confusing literary theory with criticism!

Literary theory provides frameworks for analysis, while criticism applies these frameworks to texts, often generating new theoretical insights. If you use the terms interchangeably, you’re missing out on an insightful literary journey…

Don’t worry though; this blog has got your back! Read on to learn more about the critical differences between the two terms.

Literary Theory vs. Literary Criticism
Literary theory and literary criticism are closely related disciplines, often intertwined in practice but fundamentally different in scope and approach. Theory offers a roadmap to uncover ideologies and societal norms embedded in texts, while criticism uses these insights to analyze and evaluate individual works. They serve distinct purposes and operate at different levels of abstraction.

What is Literary Criticism?
In the simplest of words, literary criticism is the study, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. It focuses on assessing the aesthetic value, historical, cultural, or social significance, use of language, and insights offered by a particular work of literature.

Various analytical tools are applied to examine literary texts, often resulting in judgments about the work’s worth and impact.

Tracing its origins back to Plato’s philosophical musings in The Republic, literary criticism has a rich history. It continues to evolve as critics explore new methodologies and approaches.

Typically, literary criticism is presented in essays or books and can encompass a wide range of activities, including:

• Analyzing the structure and style of a work.
• Evaluating its meaning and thematic elements.
• Comparing it to other literary works or genres.
• Assessing its likely effect on readers.

For example, a critic examining Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness might analyze its narrative structure, explore its themes of colonialism, and evaluate its historical impact.

What is Literary Theory?
Literary theory helps build the analytical structure used to map out and interpret literary works. It mainly deals with abstract concepts that hypothesize deeper meanings within literature, drawing from disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, and social sciences. The aim is to use the literary art form to gain insight into the world we live in.

For instance, feminist theory examines how literary texts represent and critique gender dynamics, while postcolonial theory investigates themes of imperialism and marginalization. These theories help readers discover inspiring perspectives—they are a lens through which we can view the world.

Literary theory is often abstract and foundational. For example:

• Structuralism identifies patterns and underlying structures in literature, such as recurring themes, character archetypes, and plot devices.
• Post-structuralism challenges fixed meanings in texts, emphasizing ambiguity and multiple interpretations.

Key Differences Between Literary Theory and Literary Criticism

Aspect	Literary Criticism	Literary Theory
Definition	The study, analysis, and interpretation of literature.	A set of principles or frameworks for interpreting literature.
Focus	Practical application to evaluate specific texts.	Abstract concepts about literature and its role in culture.
Nature	Action-oriented and text-specific.	Conceptual and rule-defining.
Examples	Analyzing a novel’s themes and structure.	Developing theories like feminism or formalism.

An Imperative Interplay
Literary criticism often appears in books, journals, and essays, while theory has a broader scope, dealing with universal questions about literature’s purpose and methods of interpretation.

A literary critic might use feminist theory to examine how Pride and Prejudice portrays women’s agency within societal constraints.

A structuralist approach could reveal recurring patterns in fairy tales, such as the archetype of the “hero’s journey.”

The Beautiful Paradox
One of the fascinating aspects of this field is its cyclical nature: literary theory informs criticism, yet theory itself often arises from critical practice. For example, feminist theory was shaped by decades of critical work analyzing gender roles in literature.

By keeping in mind the distinctions and interconnections between the two disciplines, scholars can approach literature with greater depth, sensitivity, and insight. This is, after all, the beauty of literature—it is a bottomless abyss of wisdom!

Don’t Forget To Check Out Our Book!

Interested in learning more about Literary Theory? Look no further than PHI Learning as we proudly present “74 Topics in Literary Theory: The Ultimate Guide”, a concise but informative textbook designed to meet the needs of today’s students. As students increasingly prefer shorter, more focused books, we’ve created a comprehensive roadmap that offers both a broad perspective and a detailed understanding of core literary concepts.

This guide not only aligns with syllabus requirements but also enhances analytical skills and interdisciplinary thinking. It contextualizes key topics like Feminist Theory and Structuralism within the broader evolution of literary theory, helping students grasp the interconnectedness of various theories.

Key Features Include:

• Covers 74 essential topics, offering a “big picture” perspective of literary theory.
• Organized to suit modern students’ preference for concise yet thorough coverage.
• Simplifies complex theories for clarity while guiding the conversation towards analytical thinking.
• Introduces a new approach by connecting interdisciplinary fields like gender studies and digital humanities.

“74 Topics in Literary Theory” goes beyond the syllabus by linking key theories like Feminist Theory, Ecocriticism, and Psychoanalysis, enabling students to view literary theory as an evolving, interdisciplinary continuum. It demonstrates how different schools of thought—ranging from Digital Humanities to Postcolonialism—often share common goals, such as challenging dominant narratives and offering new interpretations of literature and culture.

Order your copy via the link below! Contact us to review two Sample Chapters and the Table of Contents!

https://www.phindia.com/Books/BookDetail/9789354439858/74-topics-in-literary-theory-phi

email: marketing@phindia.com
call: 011 4303 1100

 

The study of literature is incomplete without the historically eye-opening nature of literary criticism. From its origins in ancient philosophy to its present-day role in textual interpretation, literary criticism has always influenced how texts are analyzed and studied. 

The evolution of literary theory has given rise to multiple theoretical perspectives that continue to shape the curriculum in higher education. This article highlights some of the most influential moments in the history of literary criticism, offering insight into how these developments have impacted both the study of literature and the academic world.

Ancient Greece: Philosophy Meets Literature

The origins of literary criticism can be traced back to the works of ancient Greek philosophers, particularly Plato and Aristotle. Their contributions to the theory of literature laid the groundwork for centuries of debate in academic circles. Plato’s Republic (c. 380 BCE) famously critiqued poetry, condemning it for its perceived capacity to mislead and corrupt society. For Plato, poetry was a mere imitation of the world, and thus, it lacked the potential for true knowledge. However, Plato also acknowledged the power of poetry to shape and reflect society’s values, making his critiques a pivotal starting point in the study of literary texts.

Aristotle, Plato’s student, offered a more optimistic view of literature in his Poetics (c. 335 BCE), in which he argued that drama and poetry could serve as a means of imparting moral lessons. Aristotle introduced key concepts such as mimesis (imitation), catharsis (emotional purging), and how such concepts influence societal norms through literary works. These foundational ideas remain central to literary criticism in higher education, particularly in the analysis of tragedy and dramatic works.

The Renaissance and the Rise of Formal Literary Criticism

While the classical foundations of literary criticism laid the groundwork for academic study, it wasn’t until the Renaissance that a more formalized approach to literary theory began to take shape in academia. During this period, scholars like Sir Philip Sidney and Samuel Johnson in England and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Germany emphasized the importance of style, form, and genre in the analysis of literature. The concept of literary taste was introduced (through different intellectual movements), arguing that an educated reader must possess the ability to appreciate the aesthetics and artistry of texts.

The Renaissance brought with it a humanistic focus that sought to understand texts within their historical and cultural contexts. The study of classical texts became integral to higher education, particularly in the context of philology (the study of language and literary texts). 

This shift from a purely philosophical approach to a more nuanced, context-aware criticism paved the way for new developments—also known as the rise of formal literary criticism. This evolution allowed for more diverse methods of analysis, such as structuralism, post-structuralism, feminism, and postcolonialism, contributing to the development of modern literary criticism.

The Formalist Movement: New Criticism and the Focus on Textual Analysis

One of the most influential moments in modern literary criticism came with the rise of formalism, specifically New Criticism, in the early 20th century. In this method, the ‘form’ of the text gains primary importance.

Prominent scholars such as T.S. Eliot, I.A. Richards, and Cleanth Brooks argued that literary texts should be analyzed independently of authorial intent and historical context. The core nature of the literary work itself, whether formed due to its structural or artistic qualities, was said to be its essence. Instead, they emphasized close reading, focusing on the form, structure, and language of the text itself.

This shift towards an intrinsic analysis of texts had a significant impact on academic studies of literature, particularly within higher education institutions in the mid-20th century. Students in literature courses were encouraged to engage deeply with the text, analyzing its use of symbols, imagery, and literary devices. The New Criticism movement influenced countless scholars in academia and remains an important methodology in the study of literary works today.

A Logical, Organized Approach With Structuralism

Another influential moment in the history of literary criticism was the advent of structuralism in the mid-20th century. Building on the work of linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who famously proposed the concepts of “sign”, “signifier”, and “signified”, structuralists argued that literature is a system of signs with underlying structures of meaning. For Saussure, meaning in language was not inherent in individual words, but rather in the relationships between words within a system of language.

Scholars like Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss began to examine how narratives, myths, and symbols function within broader cultural and social systems. This approach had a profound impact on the study of literature in higher education, particularly in the academic fields of semiotics, narrative theory, and cultural studies. 

Structuralism also inspired the rise of literary theory as a critical field within academia. This means that the logic-backed, almost technical approach shifted the focus of literary analysis to a more systematic and scientific analyses of language and meaning.

Approaching Meaning With Post-Structuralism & Deconstruction

The next significant moment in literary criticism came with the rise of post-structuralism and deconstruction in the 1960s and 1970s, largely influenced by thinkers like Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault. Post-structuralists argued that meaning in literature—and indeed, in all language—is inherently unstable and fluid. Derrida’s concept of différance challenged the idea of fixed meaning in texts, asserting that meaning is always deferred through an endless play of signifiers.

Deconstruction, a method developed by Derrida, involves taking apart the binary oppositions within a text (e.g., good/evil, light/dark, presence/absence) to reveal how they depend on one another for meaning. This radical shift in the way scholars approached texts reshaped the landscape of literary criticism, particularly in academia. Post-structuralist ideas have had a profound impact on interdisciplinary fields like feminist, queer, and postcolonial criticism, as well as on the way higher education institutions approach the teaching of literature today.

Reinterpreting Power & Gender With Feminist Theory

One of the most important developments in 20th-century literary criticism was the rise of feminist literary theory, which began to take root in the 1970s. Feminist critics, such as Simone de Beauvoir, Elaine Showalter, and Judith Butler, challenged traditional literary canon and criticized how literature perpetuated gendered power structures. Feminist criticism sought to uncover the ways in which women have been historically marginalized in both literature and society.

In the context of higher education, feminist literature has played a crucial role in reshaping curricula, encouraging the inclusion of women’s voices in literary studies, and advocating for the examination of gender, sexuality, and power within texts.

Postcolonialism: Reclaiming Narratives

In the wake of global decolonization movements, postcolonial literary criticism emerged in the late 20th century, with figures like Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and Homi Bhabha challenging Western imperialist narratives. Postcolonial criticism examines how colonialism, empire, and race have shaped literature and global culture. Said’s Orientalism (1978) is one of the foundational texts in postcolonial studies, analyzing how Western literature constructed the “Orient” as the “Other” in ways that justified colonial domination.

Postcolonialism has influenced how higher education institutions study and teach literature from non-Western perspectives, encouraging discussions about power dynamics portrayed in texts and the reevaluation of the global literary canon.

Digital Humanities & Modern-Day Perspectives

Digital humanities has come to encompass the most recent developments in literary theory. The rise of digital technologies, including the internet, e-books, and digital archives, has created new opportunities for textual analysis. 

New technologies have enabled the digital preservation and dissemination of literary texts. They have also enabled new ways of technology-supported analysis of these texts, paving the way for futuristic advancements in literary theory. Digital humanities, also known as digital literary criticism, explores how digital tools can be used to analyze and interpret texts in ways that traditional print-based criticism could not.

In higher education, digital literary criticism is shaping new methodologies and encouraging interdisciplinary approaches to literature. Scholars in the fields of digital humanities and computational literary studies are using data analytics, machine learning, and network theory to examine literary texts, offering new ways of engaging with literature in an academic context.

Looking Ahead: The Impact of Literary Criticism in Academia

The history of literary criticism is marked by influential moments that have shaped the way literature is studied, taught, and understood in higher education. From the philosophical foundations laid by Plato and Aristotle to the modern-day challenges posed by feminist, postcolonial, and digital literary criticism, the field continues to evolve. As academic institutions adapt to new developments and critical perspectives, the study of literature remains a dynamic and integral part of higher education, fostering critical thinking and cultural awareness across generations of students.

In academia, the importance of literary criticism cannot be overstated. It provides the framework through which scholars and students can explore the complexities of texts and their broader cultural, social, and political contexts. By understanding these influential moments in literary criticism, we gain insight into the ongoing conversations within higher education and the vital role literature plays in shaping our understanding of the world.

Don’t Forget To Check Out Our Book!

Interested in learning more about Literary Theory? Look no further than PHI Learning as we proudly present “74 Topics in Literary Theory: The Ultimate Guide”, a concise but informative textbook designed to meet the needs of today’s students. As students increasingly prefer shorter, more focused books, we’ve created a comprehensive roadmap that offers both a broad perspective and a detailed understanding of core literary concepts.

This guide not only aligns with syllabus requirements but also enhances analytical skills and interdisciplinary thinking. It contextualizes key topics like Feminist Theory and Structuralism within the broader evolution of literary theory, helping students grasp the interconnectedness of various theories.

Key Features Include:

• Covers 74 essential topics, offering a “big picture” perspective of literary theory.
• Organized to suit modern students’ preference for concise yet thorough coverage.
• Simplifies complex theories for clarity while guiding the conversation towards analytical thinking.
• Introduces a new approach by connecting interdisciplinary fields like gender studies and digital humanities.

“74 Topics in Literary Theory” goes beyond the syllabus by linking key theories like Feminist Theory, Ecocriticism, and Psychoanalysis, enabling students to view literary theory as an evolving, interdisciplinary continuum. It demonstrates how different schools of thought—ranging from Digital Humanities to Postcolonialism—often share common goals, such as challenging dominant narratives and offering new interpretations of literature and culture.

Pre-order your copy via the link below! Contact us to review two Sample Chapters and the Table of Contents!

https://www.phindia.com/Books/BookDetail/9789354439858/74-topics-in-literary-theory-phi

email: marketing@phindia.com
call: 011 4303 1100

Exploring the goals of this globally recognized day:

In today’s interconnected world, the principles of tolerance and peaceful coexistence are central to building strong, inclusive societies. Recognizing the importance of these values, the United Nations has designated November 16 as the International Day for Tolerance, a day aimed at raising awareness about the dangers of intolerance and the need for mutual understanding among diverse communities.

This day is not only relevant to those studying International Relations. Rather, the day is relevant to everyone in the academic community!

At PHI Learning, we support this mission through our comprehensive International Relations titles, which provide valuable insights into global diplomacy, conflict resolution, and intercultural dialogue. These textbooks are designed to help students and educators engage with the complexities of an increasingly globalized world, fostering the skills and knowledge necessary for building inclusive, peaceful communities.

Initiated by UNESCO in 1985, the International Day for Tolerance emphasizes the importance of embracing diversity. True inclusivity goes beyond accepting differences—it involves proactive efforts to respect and celebrate the varied cultures, beliefs, and identities that make up our world. Our International Relations titles delve into these critical topics, offering detailed analyses on the role of cultural diplomacy, international cooperation, and the mechanisms that promote peace.

A highlight of the day’s observance is the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize, established in 1995 to honor contributions in fields such as science, arts, and communication that promote tolerance. Named after Indian diplomat Madanjeet Singh, the prize reflects a commitment to recognizing efforts that advance peace and foster mutual respect. In line with this, our International Relations books examine real-world case studies and policies that have effectively promoted dialogue and understanding, making them ideal resources for students and educators focused on global issues.

The 2024 theme, “Unity in Diversity,” calls for a deeper investment in education that encourages dialogue, empathy, and understanding. PHI Learning’s textbooks aim to equip students with the tools to navigate complex international landscapes, challenge prejudice, and advocate for policies rooted in equity and respect.

As we observe the International Day of Tolerance, let’s remember that promoting tolerance isn’t just about passive acceptance. It involves active listening, bridging divides, addressing unconscious biases, and fostering communities rooted in mutual respect and shared humanity. Explore our International Relations titles to gain a deeper understanding of how these principles can be applied globally and locally.

Discover our latest titles in International Relations like IR by Peu Ghosh at www.phindia.com. Through academia, let’s build a more tolerant, inclusive world.